Character, Dignity, and Self-Respect Essay

This paper will sum up the film Glory and relate a couple of characters to Aristotle, Epictetus, and Saint Augustine on character, pride, and sense of pride. Alina Campbell This paper will sum up the film Glory and relate a couple of characters to Aristotle, Epictetus, and Saint Augustine on character, pride, and confidence. The film Glory depends on a genuine tale about the Commander of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry which was the principal dark regiment to be recorded in the administration of the United States. It depends on the letters by Col. Robert Shaw. Col. Shaw felt he was associated with something that he was not totally sure about, considering he had recently lost a great deal of fighters to fight. He was presently confronted with survivor’s blame which he knew would recuperate in time. Shaw later turned into a powerful pioneer that lead the dark regiment to take on the fight in Fort Wagner. Aristotle Character is mental and moral characteristics particular to a person. Aristotle accepted character to be neither an inclination or a limit or a unimportant propensity to act in specific manners (Sommers & Sommers, 2010). He accepted rather that character was a settled condition we are in when we are wealthy comparable to our sentiments and our activities. The temperances of character are miens to act with a specific goal in mind because of comparable circumstances. Great lead emerges from propensities that thusly must be gained by rehashed activity and revision. Col. Robert Gould Shaw fits Aristotle’s perspective on Character best as I would like to think. He was not just the officer of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, their voice. The people of color that battled with Shaw were slaves that needed to battle for their opportunity. At the point when Shaw was recounted the United States Government wanting to frame this regiment of dark fighters he consented to take the Commanding position. He at that point asked his closest companion Major Cabot Forbes to battle alongside him and Forbes acknowledged. At a certain point Shaw battles for these men to get the best possible uniform and boots. He additionally rejects pay alongside them subsequent to discovering that they are paid not exactly the white warriors. Both Shaw and Forbes firmly associated with this gathering of men: the furious Private Trip (Denzel Washington); Private Jupiter Sharts (Jhine Kennedy); Corporal Thomas Searles (Andre Braugher), a shrewd and instructed man that grew up with Shaw and worked for Shaw’s father, and Sgt. Maj. John Rawlins (Morgan Freeman), a runaway slave who talks with the voice of shrewdness and reason. Nobility is the condition of nature of being deserving of respect or regard. Aristotle’s see on poise comprises of the awareness that we merit respects, not in preparing them. You can't win pride through outer honors; rather it is something you offer to yourself. â€Å"Dignity comprises not in having acknowledgment from others, however in awareness that we merit acknowledgment from others† (Sommers &Sommers, 2010). The character played by Morgan Freeman, Rawlings, realized that being a slave was not worth a lot, so he chose to assist Shaw with taking on the conflict at Fort Wagner. Forbes likewise showed pride in the film. Forbes was Col. Shaw’s closest companion and is who told Col. Shaw of this regiment. Because of the sort of relationship the two had, Col. Shaw asked Forbes to join him to set up the dark slaves. Forbes concurred and remained by Col. Shaw and these individuals of color through the ridiculing, getting the best possible shoes, and accepting their outfits like the white troopers had while battling in the Civil War. Aristotle portrays the situation of character, nobility and sense of pride as character being a state worry with decision, lying in a mean comparative with us, this is dictated by reason and so that a man of knowledge would decide it. It is a mean between two indecencies that relies upon abundance that relies upon imperfection (Sommers & Sommers, 2010) Aristotle feels neither an inclination nor a limit nor a propensity to carry on in explicit manners. It is the settled condition we are in when we are wealthy in a connection to our emotions and activities when we are in a mean or middle of the road state as to them. Which means we have an awful character that we are gravely off comparable to feeling and activities, and we bomb the methods with respect to them. The character that I felt demonstrated this kind of job would be Denzel and Andre’s characters, known as Trip and Thomas. Outing was a runaway slave that was furious. He didn’t have anyone and had been recently beaten a few times. Outing had explicit contemplations of the white man and they were that the slaves were viewed as monkeys. He felt that the slaves ought to be spruced up in uniform and battle, since the white men would just get themselves slaughtered and wouldn’t have the option to win. Andre Braugher played Thomas. He was an informed man that had worked for Col. Shaw’s father. He accepted that individuals of color should realize how to peruse and encapsulate pride. In the film Glory, Thomas had figured out how to take a great deal. Thomas expected that since he and Col. Shaw were dear companions that he would be dealt with a piece in an unexpected way, yet incredibly, he was gotten out by his closest companion to prepare significantly quicker than he was and afterward shouted at. Thomas learned much toward the finish of the film, including dignity. Thomas had been shot in a past fight and he asked Col. Shaw to guarantee that he wouldn’t send him back, which Shaw didn’t permit Thomas to proceed in fight. Later in the film, Col. Shaw asks who would substitute the spot of the flagman, should something occur, and Thomas expressed that he would and did. Epictetus held the Orthodox Stoic view that everything known to mankind is coordinated by awesome will. Epictetus was not quite the same as the early stoics in that he accepted joy was found in keeping up one’s good character rather than making progress toward moral greatness. He stressed self-information and keeping one’s good character all together as the best approach to accomplish a glad life. Epictetus cautioned his understudies to expect oppression since their activities and mentalities would be not quite the same as people around them. He urged them to see life as an athletic test, a celebration or a short military help, where achievement would originate from a mix of right decisions and expertise. Epictetus accepted that â€Å"grief was the most hostile feeling; he thought about the enduring of distress as a demonstration of shrewdness. It was a hardheaded demonstration, conflicting with the desire of God to have all men share happiness† (Stockdale, 1995). Col. Robert Shaw, through his self-awareness and interior acknowledge satisfied his administration obligations on the war zone, just as past. He decided to take the convictions he had from his life preceding war to another level. Shaw battled with the subject of equity among the races yet he perceived the character and wants of the Black Americans and decided to follow up for their sake just as the Unions. Shaw felt that his officers, paying little mind to shading, merited regard the same amount of as the white warriors. Shaw was ready to not take pay to make a point that his troopers merited a similar compensation as their individual white fighters. He adhered his neck out to ensure they got the best possible apparatus so as to battle. Shaw had at long last chosen to not let the sadness from the earlier fight to control him, he decided to help in the bliss of the slaves and keep on battling for their opportunity. Holy person Augustine Augustine’s approach was not simply splendid, it was commonsense. His understanding is mentally valid and genuinely fulfilling in that it gives expectation and offers importance to the Christian attempting to bode well out of life in a fallen world (Sommers & Sommers, 2010). To Augustine, anything that had being was acceptable. Great as the ground of being was entirely acceptable, alongside all that he brought into being. This integrity was a property that came in shifting degrees. The deterrents that Col. Robert Gould Shaw needed to defeat is the way that he fizzled in fight some other time. He needed to pick himself back up, and he at that point drove the dark regiment in the Civil War and was would not leave these dark warriors alone rewarded with any less regard than the white officers. Another difficulty that Col. Shaw and his dark fighters needed to suffer was the reality they were getting come up short on, they were not given the best possible shoes to walk in, and the reality they were not given the best possible outfits like different officers. Col. Shaw had indicated an existence of character, pride and sense of pride by being the fair Commander that he was. Col. Shaw never let others sees hinder his own perspective on his troopers. Col. Shaw had sense of pride despite the fact that he had been vanquished, before driving the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry troopers with respect and never abandoned them. He was a man that trusted in confidence and that the dark officers were the same than any others.

A New Fertilizer Product for Vegetables Free Essays

Initial, an energizer part of compost is gotten. This ought not be expensive, on the grounds that we need a creation that can be utilized by each classification of individuals. The product must be adequate to flexibly great victuals to plants for their incredible and long life. We will compose a custom paper test on A New Fertilizer Product for Vegetables or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Another intention which has bolstered this examination in disposition is to decrease the scrape of blasting of tropical plants. Exploration Questions: The investigation for assembling most present day composts for the enlargement of vegetables is established on the ensuing examination questions:- What is the game-plan for assembling fertilizers?â Which sustenance is less exorbitant? Which manures can be utilized monetarily and which ones can be utilized by regular  â public. Likewise, regardless of whether these composts assemble to the normal needs of customers or not. Speculation for the Experiment: Macrobiotic manure is more affordable and will be utilized socially, while then again, tropical plant compost will be increasingly costly and monetarily utilized. Subjects: To acquire low evaluated manures, doled out to a budgetary gathering. Quality check doled out to the branch of wellbeing. Macrobiotic Fertilizer: Article: To deliver an energizer that can be set up in basic advances and can be broadly utilized for supporting the development of plants. Components utilized in the Manufacturing of Macrobiotic Fertilizer: For getting this manure, we require an assortment of limes, seed feast, gypsum, filet and kelp feast. Method: Blend the each of the 4 parts of seed suppers with  ¼ ordinary limes; presently include  ¼ of gypsum piece in the mix. In conclusion, include  ½ of the dolomitic lime. To get the best outcome, a limited quantity of bone gala ought to likewise be included. Result: By the utilization of macrobiotic compost on crops, it is presumed that the harvest development is a lot more advantageous and quicker than before.â The test shows that when the components were purchased in mass, the expense was not extremely high, and this item is relied upon to be in more interest in view of its lower costs (Aubrey Vaughn, April 4, 2007). The most effective method to refer to A New Fertilizer Product for Vegetables, Papers

5 Forces of Carnival Cruise Line free essay sample

Graphing a course for experience: 25 boats from significant voyage lines three more than a year ago conveying about 10% more travelers. This implies more decisions for voyagers. Intensity of Suppliers An ascent in fuel costs has been very expensive for the journey business, who are not just legitimately influenced by fuel cost for running their own boats, however should aise ticket costs to take care of the expansion expense of flying because of high fuel costs and a climb in airfares. Quality, trustworthy providers are fundamental so as to guarantee rehash cruisers. In the event that the food was acceptable on the principal journey, customers anticipate that it should be adequate each time they voyage. This goes for publicizing as well. Fair was the main journey line to utilize TV advertisements to advance itself. Travel benefits additionally assume a significant job in advancing and satisfying voyage reservations. Numerous distributions additionally get the word out to first time voyage vacationers who are interested about what is accessible. We will compose a custom paper test on 5 Forces of Carnival Cruise Line or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Dealing Power of Customers Todays voyage vacationers have a wide range of lines to look over, each offering a somewhat unique turn on cruising. Most journey lines target white collar class vacationers with the fantastic sea liner experience not found in decades. Numerous first time cruisers are tricked in by reasonably evaluated air and voyage bundle rates. Regularly one can purchase a journey excursion anyplace structure $125-$250 per individual, every night. Most lodging remains in significant urban communities are progressively costly every night, excluding transportation just as food. Alongside low valued bundle rates, purchasers are additionally requesting a special get-away understanding. Presently travels advance to a more youthful, cooler crowd, and its simple to perceive any reason why. Present day journey ships are coasting resorts, offering everything from best in class spas and exercise centers to in-line skating and Rock-climbing dividers. Cruising is the quickest developing fragment of the movement Ships likewise stop at more ports, with more than 1,800 goals worldwide to look over A showcasing review is a thorough, orderly, free, and intermittent assessment of a companys or specialty units advertising condition, targets, procedures and exercises with the end goal of deciding issue territories and openings nd prescribing a strategy to improve the companys promoting execution. kotler,2006, p. 719) Carnival Corporations key conviction about its item situating depends on the three essential divisions of the journey advertise each having various socioeconomics and qualities and prerequisites. The three divisions are called contemporary, premium, and extravagance. This assists better with distinguishing and serve the potential clients and acknowledge better operatio nal productivity Carnivals vital targets are: Place high need on showcasing in endeavor to advance travels as a choice to land-based excursions. Use development in drawing in new clients, continuing existing ones, and in the activity exercises. Remain the pioneer and trailblazer in the voyage business by overwhelming limited time endeavors, making client showcasing. It accentuates that the boat is the goal, while the journey experience is the most significant. They have done this in a few different ways. As a matter of first importance, it utilizes paper promotions, especially on Sunday. In mid 2001, they started utilizing faithful client tributes to draw in new clients. They are in any event, utilizing TV plugs utilizing tunes with fun in them. Trip specialists help journey lines sell 95% of all cruiseslf the trip specialist determined a Carnival voyage before different choices they got $100 on the spot. The upper hand that Carnival has on its adversaries is the scope of items it brings to the table to each fragment from modest to extravagance travels and from short to long relax travels on a huge armada of boats offering an assortment of exercises. Jamboree ships give a fantasyland climate (addendum 1)(2) 1 . http://www. frommers. com/trip_ideas/journey/line. cfm? linecd=CARNlVALsection=nut 2. www. jubilee. com 3.

Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson Essay Example

Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson Essay The two sonnets I will dissect are 'Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and 'The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson. Tennyson and Owen have altogether different perspectives on war, I believe that it is imperative to take a gander at their explanations behind composing the sonnets, and their experiences. Tennyson was writer laureate, and in this way a prominent figure, and expected to compose sonnets. He originated from a distinguished foundation, and had a higher-class family than Owen. He didn't see war for himself; he basically read a paper article and composed his sonnet because of that. His data was optional, and along these lines ubject to predisposition, that was outside his ability to control. Owen had an entirely different childhood, he originated from an average workers family, however figured out how to go to college, which was irregular around then, for common laborers individuals. He was a fighter, and had direct understanding of the truth of war, so his data on which he based his sonnet was essential, and we can accept it was most likely substantially more consistent with the truth of war. Owen worked his sonnet out of a craving to impart the awfulness of war to the individuals who despite everything accepted that it was wonderful and good, as advanced by Tennysons sonnet. We will compose a custom exposition test on Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The two perspectives on war held by Tennyson and Owen couldn't be increasingly extraordinary. Tennyson accepts that the valiant and bold ought to be associated with kicking the bucket in that war, then again Owen is resolved that not any more little fellows be sent to some place as loathsome as that, without knowing reality. He realizes that a ton of purposeful publicity is common, and wishes that they made up their own psyche about whether they need to battle, as opposed to be constrained, or forced into something that they will lament. Tennyson uses an exacting mood and structure, while Owen utilizes various likenesses and a much more slow speed, to exemplify his impression of war. A large portion of an association, a large portion of a group, Half an alliance ahead, This mood is set from the initial two lines and last until the finish of the sonnet. As I would like to think it mirrors the severe regimentation of the troopers, and the musicality of the ponies jogging towards their goal. It is intended to understand force and magnificence, ignoring the realities of the circumstance, that there was a horrendous slaughter of the English armys best fighters. Bowed twofold, similar to old homeless people under sacks, Owens sonnet is substantially more unexpected, in that the sonnet is called 'Dulce et Decorum est which is Latin for 'it is sweet and fitting so he first line of the sonnet is a solid and stunning difference, additionally the title is extremely amusing, as it was a serious normal saying at that point, and he has named his sonnet after it, and afterward proceeds to depict the outrages of war, the specific inverse of the title. His likenesses representations are exceptionally viable, and in this comparison he additionally utilizes similar sounding word usage, to underline the agony and enduring that the men persevered. The way that the British armed force were in this grave position was terrible enough, however that they were 'like old homeless people is a definitive disrespect to the military that was pompous enough to accept that they were top notch. This was powerful at the time he composed the sonnet. Tennyson uses analogies, yet a minority in contrast with Owen, who utilizes numerous profoundly powerful likenesses and allegories. 'Thump kneed, hacking like witches, we reviled through slime, Here Owen keeps on making a picture of the destruction of the powerful armed force, and how poor they are presently. He thinks about them to 'witches, which suggests witches and the grotesqueness of war, and what it has made of them. He utilizes the word 'we reminding the peruser that he was one of those officers, and that he realizes what is resembled to be in that circumstance, experiencing the damnation that those fighters were languishing. The word 'ooze gives the sentiment of gnawing cold, and thick soil that made in any event, strolling troublesome. Owen makes it exceptionally simple for us to envision the predicament of these poor men. 'All in the valley of Death Rode the 600. Here Tennyson uses an allegory that is compelling all alone, but on the other hand is from the holy book, Psalm 23. This carries a strict edge to the sonnet now, and that God is as an afterthought or the Light Brigade, against the foe. He the composes 'Rode the 600 which is rehashed all through the sonnet, and in certainty there were progressively similar to 700 and fifty men in the Light Brigade, however Tennyson just decided to ay 600, perhaps to cause them to appear to be increasingly gallant in light of the fact that there were less of them, or potentially only for idyllic permit, to keep the solid, throbbing cadence. Tennysons sonnet moves quickly, and doesn't harp on the results, where as Owen centers around the outcomes. Tennyson attempts to prepare energy, without an idea for the truth of what's going on. ' 'Forward the Light Brigade! Charge for the firearms! he stated: Tennyson makes a picture of the Light Brigade moving toward their objective in a telling and great rush, practically lofty in their height. The adrenaline surge that the warriors were eeling was significant, to ensure that they didn't get debilitated, and the officers would yell directions to keep them inspired and riveted in what they were doing, and that is the thing that Tennyson is expounding on here, the sheer assurance of the Light Brigade. His utilization of shout marks passes on the air of the charge to the peruser. 'Men walked snoozing. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod This symbolism utilizes a representation in 'men walked sleeping and furthermore similar sounding word usage, to give the moderate trudging feel of the officers strolling on in the horrible conditions. Utilization of the words 'blood-shod s fantastic symbolism as it has an implying that they were shod with blood and the closeness of sounds gives an upgraded mental picture of the scene that Owen was relating. Owens sonnet picks up pace when he discusses a gas assault, which diverges from the remainder of the sonnet, and Tennyson expounds quickly on the way that a misstep had been made, however the officers continued, notwithstanding. 'Gas! Gas! Brisk, young men! A delight of bumbling, fitting the awkward protective caps without a moment to spare; Owen portrays the moderate trudging side to the war already, and here complexities it to the extraordinary with a gas assault that powers trim all vigorously. He utilizes capitals for the word 'Gas, demonstrating the unadulterated edginess wherein they needed to spare themselves. Gas was one of the most appalling approaches to pass on, and it was anything but a quick demise, so it was very dreaded among the troopers, making this area of the sonnet even more sensational and differentiating to its remainder. He utilizes the word 'joy, which is normally connected with joy, yet for this situation it is the 'mishandling, to put on their gas veils, which makes it even more perceptible and strong. Tennyson hints about the slip-ups of the commanders, and cap the fighters thought about it, yet then he strengthens his point, of energy and devotion, paying little heed to the expense. Owen centers around one specific man, who is deplorable, and regards him as an individual, not the speculation of Tennyson. 'Furthermore, struggling like a man in fire or lime Here Owen makes a scene of a man who had not fitted his gas veil in time, and is enduring the outcomes of the gas assault. He utilizes the word 'fumbling to depict the manner in which he is moving in this metaphor, and gets the peruser to envision a man in fire or lime, a repulsive enough picture in itself, yet that just portrays is development. Not however the trooper realized somebody had bungled: Theirs not to make answer, Theirs not to motivation behind why, Theirs yet to do and kick the bucket: Tennyson gives a brief look at what had truly occurred in the fight, and that it was a sham, yet then backs it up with one of the best areas in the sonnet, where the reiteration of the 'Theirs not to and the mood of the entry accelerates the entire sonnet, into a comparative furor that the officers would be worked into by the adrenaline of the fight. They had nothing to do with the requests back then, and to reply back to an unrivaled was incredible, you just ollowed your requests, and didn't address them. Tennyson uses redundancy again to show the chances looked by the valiant troopers, and how they pushed on notwithstanding. Owen relates his own perspective on what befell a genuine individual, which is powerful as it gets the peruser to imagine the aversion felt by different warriors, looking on this occurrence. Gun to one side of them, Cannon to one side of them, Cannon before them Volleyed and roared; Tennyson effectively highlights the desperate situation that the fighters are obliged to attempt. He utilizes the redundancy of the hrase, with a similar cadence to underline the rushed sentiment of the Light Brigade, as the ride towards their impressive foe. 'Diminish through the foggy sheets and thick green light, As under a green ocean, I saw him suffocating. Here Owen utilizes a comparison, at that point proceeds to utilize it as an analogy. He portrays the shocking shade of the gas as 'cloudy sheets, and 'thick green light, which, joined with the way that he is in intense torment gives an unnerving and nerve racking record of the despicable way that men kicked the bucket in the war. The peruser gets the feeling that Owen feels remorseful and defenseless, everything he can do is be an observer, and ait for the pitiable man to bite the dust. Owen utilizes surprising onomatopoeic language, among successful comparisons and representations. Tennyson discloses to the world the boldness and fearlessness it took to do w

Discuss your professional objectives, both long & short term, and Essay

Talk about your expert targets, both long and present moment, and demonstrate how your past experinces have added to the meanings of those goals. why - Essay Example I likewise took an exchanging course Kuwait Stock trade as I am presently exchanging the Stock Market as a diversion. Five years working is a live financial exchange isn't a simple activity. Confidence likewise drove me to turning into a Senior Accountant in Livestock Transport and exchanging Co. At the point when I left the organization and began working in Tandeem Investment Company, where I am still as of now associated, I had the benefit of turning into the Senior Settlement Officer. My presentation in the field helped me accomplish my objectives and destinations. I additionally accept that these encounters added to my targets and formed me well and trained me well over the span of my vocation. At some point, through difficult work, commitment and constancy and with my capabilities I would need to render my administrations and become a Manager or a Director of the organization. I need to share my ability, productivity and aptitudes in an increasingly basic and testing job. I would likewise need to develop expertly and by and by to turn out to be increasingly autonomous for me to be a powerful pi oneer. These are my drawn out vocation goals. Besides, as a Manager, I need to persuade and lead individuals additionally to turn out to be better people and future pioneers. My transient target is to proceed with my examinations in MBA. Experts like me would consistently look for self-progression. I am the kind of individual that doesn’t need to be deteriorated in one zone and I need investigate more roads for learning. Learning is a ceaseless cycle. I am sure this is the open door that will permit me to accomplish everything I could ever hope for and aspirations. Accomplishing these isn't only accomplishment for me. It would be a satisfaction and a gift simultaneously. Villarico, Rhia. â€Å"Discuss your expert Objectives† Online Posting. 26 March 2006. The scholarly community Research-Freelance Writing-Current Order Review. 26 March 2006.

Books Your Favorite Doctor Who Companions Are Reading

Books Your Favorite Doctor Who Companions Are Reading There is no TV show I enjoy more than Doctor Who (okay, Star Trek is up there too). I love the combination of genres: humor, horror, sci-fi, drama. Its gotta be the best show out there. And the newest season is already so good! As we all know, Doctor Whos companions are just as important as the Doctor. The dynamic between them can make or break a season. They need to be smart. They need to be honest. And most of all, they need to be unique and hold their own against the giant personality of the Doctor. Of course such personalities would also be readers. Of course. And if theres no TV show I enjoy more and my favorite activity is reading, then of course I needed to figure out what my favorite Doctor Who companions are reading, and why. As for the newest companions and their reading choices, to be continued… Bill Potts Ninefox Gambit by Yoon Ha Lee As a science fiction fan, Bill keeps up on all the latest sci-fi books. Even though shes traveling the universe and living her best science fictional lifeâ€"and has access to a galaxys worth of librariesâ€"she still enjoys reading Earth sci-fi. And her favorite new series is Machineries of Empire. Evil interstellar empires, characters that need squeezing, and best of all, ideas that make her mind explode. She still loves losing herself in some epic sci-fi, even though she lives an epic sci-fi life. Clara Oswald Pride by  Ibi Zoboi While its no secret that Clara loves Jane Austenâ€"not only does she teach Pride and Prejudice, but shes publicly bragged about Janes kissingâ€"Clara secretly reads every single Jane Austen adaptation. She has a spreadsheet on her phone where she ranks each adaptation and gives a brief review, so that next time she meets Jane, she can catch her up on all the ways her books have been appropriated. This one will be kind of hard to explain though, being that it takes place in the 21st century Bronx. You see, she thinks of explaining to Jane, block parties are kinda like country dances, except boys and girls can dance together. Now, how to explain the hood? Amy Pond The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland in a Ship of Her Own Making by Catherynne M. Valente In Amy Ponds future and our past, shes the famous childrens book author Amelia Williams. I can easily imagine the resourceful and adventurous September from Valentes Fairyland series being the type of character Amy would write and love. A little girl living a boring, normal life being swept away into magical adventures by the Green Wind. Sounds like exactly what Amy is reading right now. Donna Noble A Talent For Murder by Andrew Wilson Lately, Donna has been reading a lot of Agatha Christie. She doesnt know why. Shes always liked a good mystery, but romance used to be her preferred genre. At this point, shes read all of Agatha Christies novels multiple times, and now shes branching out to this, a historical fiction mystery about Agatha Christies death. Something about the book is really bothering her, if she could only figure out what. It just feels wrong. But even though the books giving her a massive headache, she cant stop reading. She fell asleep with it last night, and woke up in the morning to find shed written wasp in the margins. What the hell could that mean? Martha Jones Rosewater by Tade Thompson Part of Marthas job as a UNIT officer is searching out and finding leaked classified information and attempting to eradicate the damage. Which is why when she heard about Rosewater by Tade Thompson, she immediately knew they had a leak in the department. The fungal telepathy caused by alien contact. The killer vaporous fog that those contaminated can sometimes emit when they feel in danger. The organic biodome. This is some highly classified information, thinly disguised as fiction. Tade Thompson must be brought in immediately for questioning. Captain Jack Harkness The Prince and the Dressmaker by Jen Wang No matter how many centuries go by, a heartwarming love story will always make Captain Jack sigh and give that wistful half smile. Whats he thinking about as he gazes up at the star-strewn sky? Why, hes thinking about sweeping the lovely Prince Sebastian into a waltz and watching Sebastians beautiful yellow dress glide across the dance floor before catching up the dressmaker Frances too, and the three of them dancing together, winding their way up to the bedroom, still entwined, and who knows what will happen after that? Captain Jack knows. His sequel is definitely not the middle grade version. Rose Tyler Scarlet by Marissa Meyer Even as a child, before she ever traveled with Doctor Who, Roses favorite fairytale villain was the Big Bad Wolf. And now shes obsessed with the concept of the wolf, and all its possible interpretations. Could she be in some way responsible for the legends? But not only is she reading the classic fairytale variations, shes reading all kinds of Little Red Riding Hood retellings. Rose especially likes sci-fi retellings, which is why Scarlet, book 2 of The Lunar Chronicles, is her favorite LRRH retelling. Ace Trail of Lightning by Rebecca Roanhorse Ace is a reader and enjoys a good urban fantasy with a kickass female protagonist, just like herself. Shes pretty sure shed do just fine in an apocalypse, even better than Maggie in the novel. Just imagine, though, if she had some of these Navajo magic powers in combination with her bombs? No monsters could ever defeat her. Kamelion Autonomous by Annalee Newitz Kamelion often feels a bit depressed and lost. He doesnt want to hurt people, yet he was built for destruction. He likes shape-changing, but every time he does, it ends up all going horribly wrong. What he really wants is to be understood, by himself (why him?), by the doctor and his companions, by the universe. With no one like him he can talk to, he turns to books. Hes fascinated by Paladin, a military robot in Autonomous, falling in love with a human. Is it possible that heâ€"Kamelionâ€"could fall in love? And if he could fall in love with anyone, who would it be? Romana SPinning Silver by Naomi Novik When Romana isnt busy doing Time Lady things, she loves losing herself in a fantasy world with strong female characters, and its easy to identify with the characters in Spinning Silver. Prideful Miryem, imprisoned by the Staryk and trying to protect her family; insecure Irina, being forced into a marriage with power she never sought or expected, but finding herself surprisingly adept at; and stalwart Wanda, the least similar to Romana, yet the one shes most drawn to, drawn to her hope in the face of persistent abuse and poverty. Romana wishes this book could go on forever and ever. Leela Dread Nation by Justina Ireland Leela doesnt understand most earth womens lack of fighting skills. (She knows just what shed do about the current administration *knuckles cracking*.) But Jane McKeene she understands. She wishes the Doctor would take her to this timeâ€"this Reconstruction eraâ€"so she could help Jane kill all those shamblers. Leela would like to learn how to use these sickles as weapons, and she could teach Jane some tricks too. K9 Cujo by Stephen King K-9 is confused. His master told him that hes in the shape of a dog because dogs are mans best friends and always help their masters. Dogs are supposed to be the best companions for humans. So K-9 decided to research Earth dogs to see what they were like and so he could better emulate them. K-9 wants to be a good boy. But Cujo is most certainly NOT a good boy. He is a scary boy. Cujos behavior does not compute. Now K-9 is questioning his shape and place in his masters heart. Does Master want K-9 to be a scary dog? K-9 most certainly does not want to be a scary boy. But he wants to make Master happy. Sarah Jane Smith Men Explain Things to Me by Rebecca Solnit Sarah Jane has had men explain things to her plenty of times, including a certain Doctor we may know, so of course shes read this collection of essays by her favorite feminist journalist multiple times. Shes rereading it now because, unfortunately, its always prescient. As a fellow journalist, Sarah Jane appreciates Solnits knack for combining research with searing prose. She has this quote from the book hanging in her office: Its the job of writers and explorers to see more, to travel light when it comes to preconception, to go into the dark with their eyes open. Jamie McCrimmon When a Scot Ties the Knot by Tessa Dare Jamie downloaded this title from the TARDISs files (because Im just assuming the TARDIS has a massive Earthling library database, right?) thinking it would be all about knot-making for a Scotsman. Boy was he wrong. But hes also kinda intrigued? Okay, more than intrigued. He cant put the book down. He knows he shouldnt continue readingâ€"it just isnt properâ€"and he cant stop blushingâ€"but he has to know what happens between Captain Logan and Miss Madeleine. Hell just skip over the blushing parts (hes definitely not skipping over those parts). Susan Foreman The Scarlet Pimpernel by  Emmuska Orczy Susans first Earth adventure takes place during the French Revolution, and its her grandfathers favorite Earth time period. And Susan must admit, even though her travels to 18th century France were harrowing, it was also quite a bit of fun. Thats why shes reading her way through The Scarlet Pimpernel series. If only their adventures had been more like these! What do you think the newest Doctor Who companions are reading? And check out these 9 sci-fi books to read if youre a Doctor Who fan.

Technology Research Paper - 1375 Words

Analysis of Sources Relating to Transformation of Technology (Research Paper Sample) Content: Analysis of Sources Relating to Transformation of Technology(Student's name)(Institution's Name)AbstractVarious studies and research have been conducted on the gradual technological transformation. Most of these research papers and texts do not bring out the exact situation of technology as it mostly bases on the positive side of it though some give the exact position. The purpose of this paper is to bridge the gap that has been created by the researchers' omissions and assumptions. Critical examination of technological change shows that what people often hear about technology may not be exactly what they experience. It is therefore necessary to bring out the exact position of transformation of technology. It may not be a conclusive article but it is reliable in terms of reference and relevant to the topic of study; evaluation of sources relating to transformation of technology. Discussions on technological advancement have offered contrasting perspectives which need to be analyzed critically. Different theories have a valid reason behind them.IntroductionTechnological transformation is one of the very common topics that come up in most discussions. To begin with, it is important to know what the term transformation of technology means before finding out its need. Transformational technology is an intellectual change that occurs or is undertaken in the world of technology. Various opinions have been raised on the topic, of which some support transformation of technology while others have a conflicting perception on the same. Due to the variation in the opinions concerning the transformation of technology, there is need to analyze and evaluate all the opinions and come up with a conclusive point on the matter. Technology transformation is believed to be achievable only through intellectual transformation, with this believe there seems to be a problem because at some point individuals tend to be deliberately destructive thus becoming a challenge t o the situation (Feenberg Feenberg, 2002).This book clearly shows what transformation of technology is all about and the negative as well as positive effects on the same. It is therefore a good sample to be used in regard to the background information of technology. In relation to a competing opinion or perspective relating to this topic, it is believed that technological advancement and transformation is not gradual as it has always been believed but slow (Levinthal, 1998). The choice of this source is based on the fact that the theories used to arrive at the conclusion are valid and proven. On the other hand, there are those sources that support transformation of technology in one way or another, both in terms of the importance, the intensity and the current situation. The source analyzed in regard to agreeing opinions is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Technological advancement in developed and developing countries' by Hunter Tan (2010). This book clearly captures all the important aspects nee ded for the analysis thus the best choice of supporting document.These sources are categorized into three that is the source that give more light on the topic, the one that presents a competing alternative and the one that offers support to the idea of technological transformation. Most people tend to think that technological advancement is inevitable just like change while others have different views on this. The primary sources clearly give a more accurate and relevant response in regard to technological advancement because they are not only first-hand but also the most current. Use of questionnaires gives the exact position of transformation at the time of study. The perspectives, both varied and supportive can be obtained fully from secondary sources as well as the primary sources. The analysis is therefore an attempt to analyze previous scholars' works and clarify on the validity of their opinions.Materials and methodsThe methods and materials that were used in the study vary b ut the most common are the primary methods of data collection. Questionnaires are used to get people's views that are relevant to the study. Usually, first-hand information is important especially when doing research on any topic of discussion. In this case, the objective is not necessarily to get information on the topic but to analyze different opinions. In this analysis and evaluation, the resources used were the selected texts which represent the various opinions by different authors and scholars. It involved going through the content of the book and critically analyzing the ideas presented and the validity of the information. The main resource used in this research is the expert analysis and judgment technique. Given the fact that the researcher had to critically examine the sources evaluate the content, the main technique used is his analytical skills as well as verdict.Results / FindingsThe analysis of the two texts clearly presents the conflicting opinions of different scho lars, some agreeing with transformation while others arguing against it. In the first source, it is clear that technology has been undergoing constant change over the years. Many at times people find that the methods and tools that were used in the early days are completely different from what are used currently. Most of these changes are attributable to innovation and creativity which is a subset of technology. Transformation refers to changes of both methods as a result of intellectual involvement. These changes have had a very positive change to the society in terms of production and general development. These changes have enhanced efficiency and effectiveness of tools and equipment that are applied currently in most sectors of the economy. From this point of view, the advancement of technology is visible.The rate of technology transformation is presented to be gradual and incremental in nature. The changes occurring tend to be taking place at a very high rate thus calling for st rategies on the adoption. This is presented clearly and supported with the year difference between which the changes have occurred. Taking an example of one decade, the difference between technology uses is so different. So much has happened in a very short while and is a clear indication of the rate at which transformation is taking place. The most common application is computer technology. Use of computers is one of the main sectors that portray technological advancement. Not long ago, there was still a very minimal use of computers in but currently almost everything has been computerized. The nature of the computers used can also bring out the changes that have taken place. All these facts are presented in the book hence making it easy to identify all the changes.The other author has a different perception of technological advancement. In this text, the arguments mostly conflict with transformation of technology. The first point that conflicts is the rate of advancement. The auth or claims that the idea of gradual technological advancement is a fallacy and can be challenged. According to him the rate at which technology is transforming is very slow. One argument on this is the fact that the application of technology and all the developments are only felt in some regions especially the developed countries but the other countries are still struggling with economic problems thus lagging behind. In the conclusions about the transformation, not all nations or countries are used. The very few that are used in arriving at the conclusion does not represent the entire population hence making it a theory but not practical. Critical examina...

Freedom Religion Press

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8476 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Impact of Freedom of Religion on Press Freedom Since 2000 Introduction The British Council (2004) describes the vital role played by the media in maintaining a democratic culture, as well as freedom of expression that is interwoven through not only the political system but also public consciousness. Ideally, the media facilitates constructive political debate, and is the vehicle through which individuals in a democracy communicate with one another. To serve its purpose, the media must record events objectively and comprehensively, regardless of external censorship pressures. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Freedom Religion Press | Religion Dissertations" essay for you Create order However, in recent years there have been a number of significant challenges to freedom of expression made by religious individuals and organisations, a situation which is exacerbated by the globalisation of society and the media. Increasing globalisation has created an unprecedented level of cross-cultural interaction, one of the side effects of which has been to propel the issue of free speech to the centre of public debate (Binderup 2007). One unfortunate consequence of this growing cultural diversity has been increased intimidation and harassment of those who exercise freedom of expression against religious groups. According to Lipman (2006): A conflict exists between free expression and cultural sensitivity, confounded in this case by the manipulations of various factions, political parties, and nations seeking personal advantageand stirred by the existence of ongoing armed conflicts in the Middle East and acts of terror elsewhere (p. 5). As such, freedom of expression is threatened by a complicated matrix of interwoven interests encompassing not only religion but various political power struggles, as well as socioeconomic factors. Binderup (2007) emphasises that this tendency has been amplified by media globalisation. To put the current phenomenon in context, this paper touches upon the history of media and religious conflict, as well as legislation that affects freedom of both expression and religion. This is followed by an analysis of the importance of the media in promoting and maintaining democracy, as well as recent instances of censorship in response to religious complaint. Next, two cases which illustrate the intensity of the debate over free speech are examined: the reaction to the Danish cartoons depicting the Muslim prophet Muhammad and the Church of Scientologys aggressive response to its critics. Additionally, a brief analysis of recent conflicts between freedom of expression and other religious interests is presented, after which conclusions are drawn as to whether the rise of religious fundamentalism has affected the way in which journalists have reported the news in recent years. Literary Review Binderup (2007) emphasises that clashes between freedom of expression and freedom of religion are not a new phenomenon. Before the uproar over the Danish cartoons, author Salman Rushdies life was threatened, his translators stabbed and his publisher in Norway shot over his novel The Satanic Verses, which includes a loose fictionalised account of the life of Muhammad. When the dust settled, 22 people had been killed and many more injured by rioters, and democratic relations between Iran and the West had been compromised (Levy 1993). Filmmaker Theo van Gogh was murdered by Muslim radicals for making a movie about womens oppression under Islam (Binderup 2007). Additionally, the suggestion by a Nigerian newspaper that Muhammad may have chosen Miss World contestants for his wives sparked riots that led to the deaths of 200 people (Muhammad cartoons: a timeline 2006). Binderup (2007) notes that Muslims arent the only religious group that has threatened freedom of expression. Christians have expressed their outrage over movies such as The Last Temptation of Christ and The Life of Brian, and Sikhs have aggressively opposed Bethzi, a play by Gurpreet Bhatti, which features rape and murder in a temple. Such conflicts have sparked a discourse regarding the value of free speechand whether or not freedom of expression should be subject to limitations. The History of Media and Religious Conflict Conflict between religion and the press is not new. Although the church was initially enthusiastic about the invention of the printing press as religious materials could be more easily and widely disseminated, with the schism between Protestants and Catholics came the use of the press to demonise one side or the other (Winston 2005). Levy (1993) details a long history of prosecutions under Englands blasphemy laws, noting that [t]he term blasphemy was commonly used to make odious the holders of opinions that a community rejected as offensive (p. 347). Specific blasphemy cases underscore the real reasons for the aggressive persecution of dissenters. The trial of William Hone in the early 1900s for parodying aspects of Christianity such as the Ten Commandments and the Lords Prayer was based on the fact that he had circulated materials that were calculated to weaken the awe and reverence felt for Christianity (p. 349). Officials were particularly upset that Hones inexpensive offering was accessible to the lower classes, fearing that [t]he ignorant and uninformed could not be expected to obey the law if they lost that awe and reverence (p. 349). On learning of the charges against him, Hone withdrew his parodies, claiming that they had been intended not to mock religion, but rather to insult his Majestys Ministers. Hone was acquitted, which illustrates the fact that political figures were considered worthy of mockery, while religion was untouchable. However, Hones case led to the adoption of resolutions that favoured not only press freedom but also jury trial and, significantly, the right to parody religion (p. 352). Thus, the Hone case marked a significant watershed in the movement toward democratic freedom of expression. However, during that era, people continued to be imprisoned for blasphemy, including those who sold Hones parodies (Levy 1993). According to Levy (1993), prosecutions for blasphemy continued throughout the 1800s and early 1900s. Ironically, as with more current cases, attempts by the state to suppress freedom of speech on behalf of religion only served to draw attention to the very works that had invoked religious ire, as well as generating public debate regarding freedom of speech. One of the more influential voices in this debate was James Mill, who advocated for the freedom to publish political opinions (p. 375). Mill repudiated distinctions as to what constituted decent and indecent (i.e., calculated to inflame) discussions regarding politics or religion, emphasising that unless all opinions were entitled to the same freedom, the only opinions that would enjoy freedom were those that were sanctioned, popular, or inoffensive (p. 375). His son John Stuart Mill took up the cause as well, suggesting that because proponents of Christianity attacked and reviled others religions, theirs should be open to the same sorts of attacks in the interests of fairness. Levy (1993) notes that Deist opinions also had a salutary effect of helping to keep the clergy intellectually honest (p. 377). While the churches of two different religions might work to censor one another, they are also inclined to engage in mutual indulgences that promote the interests of both (p. 377). Such tendencies can be seen in modern times when those of various religions work together to censor media stories or other forms of expression that are offensive to one group or the other. Blasphemy laws were carried over to the New World by English colonists. Such laws persisted because attacks on Christianity were thought to strike at the root of moral obligation and to weaken social ties (Levy 1993, p. 403). As a result, prosecutions under highly subjective blasphemy laws also occurred in the United States and Canada. The last North American blasphemy case was in 1968; however, due to expanded First Amendment freedoms, the state appellate court held that the blasphemy statue was unconstitutional. However, although blasphemy laws were officially discontinued, they slept undisturbed in old judicial opinions, which ensured the banning of various creative works that were offensive to Christians (Levy 1993, p. 536). When the mass media emerged, publishers realised that controversial religious stories drew a large readership. At the same time, as journalists became increasingly independent, religious institutions lost control of press coverage relating to their faith and felt that their authority was threatened (Hoover 1998). However, there is evidence that religious groups continued to protect their interests fiercely. In 1940, addressing journalism students, the Denver Posts Lawrence Martin said: In times past, newspapers got into so many scrapes over these religious squabbles that most editors drew in their horns and actually barred from their columns any but the most harmless and noncontroversial items about churches or religious topics. Even today you will find most editors refusing to print letters from readers on religion, for fear of inciting a riot (Hoover 1998, p. 21). As a result, [t]he approach to religion in the period before 1980 was . . . one that included a good bit of deference to religious leaders and institutions (Hoover 1998, p. 23). After 1980, the media became more willing to offend religious sensibilities in order to provide comprehensive coverage of events related to religion. However, the corresponding rise in fundamentalist religion has generated a backlash against the press as well as various creative works that has culminated in a number of serious incidents, most notably the recent rioting in response to Danish cartoons depicting the prophet Muhammad in a negative light. Freedom of the Press and Democratic Values Free expression is required if we are to have open discussion over such issues a birth control or abortion, and such open discussions are critical aspects of democracy. When blasphemy laws could no longer be enforced, debate arose as to whether Parliament should enact a new statute to punish public insult to feelings of all religious believers; at the time, concern for freedom of speech took precedence, given that [t]he range of topics capable of causing offense to the feelings of some religious group were so broad that almost anything could be censored (Levy 1993, p. 553). However, talk of enacting such a statute has been revived in response to the Danish cartoon crisis. Complicating matters is that supposedly democratic governments may grant special favour to religious organisations in exchange for their support. To explain the reason for the special status accorded to religion under the law, it was posited by John Search that: . . . state religion was adopted not because it was true but because it was politically useful. All government rested on popular consent . . . and nothing could be more helpful to the government than to have the cooperation of the clergy, who could sway the religious feelings of the people and thus dispose them to favor the government . . . It must therefore be protected, not just from invasion of its established rights, but from censure, because censure might make it disesteemed, and disesteem might impair its stability, and thereby that of the government with it (Levy 1993, p. 427). There is some support for this argument in the fact that in recent years, leaders such as Tony Blair and George W. Bush both claim to be very religious and have both spoken out against offending religious sensibilities. Also, it is well known that professing atheism or agnosticism is political suicide. The European Convention on Human Rights The European Convention on Human Rights was established by the European Council in 1950. Article 9 of the Convention covers the specifics of religious freedom: 1 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance. 2 Freedom to manifest ones religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Notably, the Article talks about freedom to worship and practice, but does not mention freedom from discourse that the religious individual may find offensive. This is an important distinction given that religious individuals often argue that their right to freedom of religion is violated by offensive artistic expressions or commentary. Article 10 deals with the specifics of freedom of expression, and this article specifies the right to impart ideas and information without censorship: 1 Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers . . . . 2 The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. Article 10 does mention that freedom of speech could potentially be restricted for a number of reasons, including preventing disorder and defamation, and ensuring public safety. This leaves room for interpretation in that material considered offensive could be theoretically be censored if it is deemed likely to provoke violent protests. Additionally, what constitutes a threat to morals is open to subjective interpretation. Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Rights Act of 1998 has two sections which have direct bearing on the conflicts between freedom of expression and freedom of religion: Section 12 (Freedom of Expression) and 13 (Freedom of thought, conscience and religion). Whilst Section 13 does not provide much detail as to what constitutes freedom of religion, Section 12 contains subsections which reflect directly on the debate regarding freedom of expression. Subsection (3), which states that [n]o such relief is to be granted so as to restrain publication before trial unless the court is satisfied that the applicant is likely to establish that publication should not be allowed, indicates that material cannot be censored in advance of its publication, and that the burden of proving that the material should not be published is on the applicant rather than the publisher. Subsection (4) of the Act indicates that questions of freedom of expression should defer to the European Convention on Human Rights, and should also pay attention to (a) the extent to which(i) the material has, or is about to, become available to the public; or (ii) it is, or would be, in the public interest for the material to be published. This has particular relevance for a number of cases in which sharing knowledge of the criminal dealings of certain religious organisations or individuals is in the best interests of the public. Also, with rapid dissemination of even censored information via the Internet, there is little that is not likely to become available to the public in the Information Age. British Libel Laws British libel laws are relevant to any discussion of the clash between freedom of expression and religious freedom in that at times they have been used to persecute individuals who have published materials linking religious organisations to criminal activities such as terrorism. Sturcke (2006) notes that the goal of British libel laws is to balance the right of free speech against protection for the reputation of an individual from unjustified attack ( 1). However, given that religious groups generally take issue with any questioning of the tenets of their faith, any publication that disagrees with the fundamental aspects of a religion is open to attack (Edwards 2006), and whenever possible, religious organisations and individuals will make use of British libel laws to do so. According to Sturcke (2006) because those accused of libel must often spend hundreds of thousands of pounds to defend themselves, as well as damages and court costs if they lose the case, many newspapers will no t bother to fight them, even when their cases are strong. The Meaning of Freedom of Religion In Vocabularies of Public Life, Robert Wuthnow emphasises that [o]ur freedom depends on being able to contribute to the public debate over collective values (Hoover 1998, p. 45). Here Wuthnow refers to more than just freedom of expression, encompassing the entire spectrum of democratic freedoms, among which freedom of religion is included. The meaning of the term freedom of religion includes the freedom to believe in religion, and the freedom not to believe in religion (M.E. Sharpe Inc. 2006, p. 10). However, only the first aspect of this freedom tends to be invoked in an attempt to exercise censorship. A review of the literature turns up no lawsuits in which atheists have sued religious individuals for referring to them as sinners or blasphemers. Overall, when giving voice to concerns as to whether free speech should be limited in order to avoid offending religious sensibilities, there is no public discourse regarding whether religious people should be free to express opinions that offend atheists and agnostics. As such, arguments that posit the need to protect against offensiveness are without merit, given that to fairly enforce such laws would also require that religious individuals be restricted in their own public discourse so as not to offend the non-religious (Levy 1993). If proponents of a (minority or majority) religious culture are allowed to state publicly that atheist sinners will burn in Hell, then surely in respect for fairness and equality we mustother things being equalallow the atheist critic to make fun of the religious views (Binderup 2007, p. 414). Some would take this argument even further. According to Edwards (2006), by allowing any superstition to have a role in determining the theoretical legal limits of free speech we are inadvertently crafting a doctrine for unscientific, irrational bullies (34). Recent Challenges to Freedom of Expression Babbin (2008) describes other recent challenges to free speech, including the lawsuit against Dr. Rachel Ehrenfeld. Ehrenfelds book, Funding Evil: How Terrorism Is Financed, and How to Stop It, accuses Salim bin Mahfouz, who once headed the Saudi National Commercial Bank, and members of his family of funding terrorist activities. Although Ehrenfeld, an American, wrote and published her book in the United States, because a small number of copies were sold in Britain via the Internet, bin Mahfouz was able to use British courts to sue the author for libel. Given that British libel laws put the burden of proof on the author (the opposite of the situation in the U.S.), Ehrenfeld must prove that her allegations are true, rather than bin Mahfouz proving that they are false. Bin Mahfouz won a large judgment against the author, as well as a demand that she no longer publish anything against him in England or Wales. This case has ramifications for books and news reports on religious issues as well. According to Sturcke (2006), if material is published in the public interest, it is theoretically immune from libel charges ( 5). However, libel laws are phrased in such a way as to leave great scope for interpretation. This makes them similar to the old blasphemy laws, which were so vague that the very issue in any prosecution is whether the crime has been committed at all, and as such, the prejudices of judges and juries shape the verdict (Levy 1993, p. 574). Babbin (2008) notes that in a similar case, Robert O. Collins and J. Millard Burrs book Alms for Jihad, a well-researched expose which documents not only contributions made by Islamic charities to terrorist activities but also bin Mahfouzs support of these activities, was ordered removed from libraries and bookstores by British courts, which further demanded that all unsold copies be destroyed. In North America, by contrast, the American Library Associations Office for Intellectual Freedom recommended that libraries not acquiesce to Cambridge publishers request to destroy or return the book. As a result, although most publishers have avoided the book, many North American libraries carry copies of it, and there are plans to republish it in the U.S. where bin Mahfouz will not be able to use libel laws to suppress it (Albanese Pinkowski 2007). Canadian laws also leave room for the abuse of the right to freedom of expression. Babbin (2008) details a third case, that of Mark Steyn, author of America Alone. This book asserts that Islam is not only a religion but also a political project, and prone to violence as well. Canadian magazine Macleans echoed this stance, and both Steyn and the magazine were subjected to a complaint made by three Muslim law students who used the Canadian Human Rights Commission to their advantage. As a result, the magazine will suffer fines and additional sanctions, and will likely be ordered not to publish anything else that might offend Muslims. A case will probably be brought against Steyn as well, and he may suffer fines and additional penalties under Canadian law for exercising his right to free speech. Cases such as this underscore the restrictions placed on freedom of the press by religious interests. Spencer (2008) details another case, that of Geert Wilders movie Fitna, which has drawn headlines recently. Fitna, which links passages from the Quran to acts of terrorism and oppression, was hosted by LiveLeak.com but pulled shortly thereafter in response to serious threats. Various Muslim leaders condemned the film as a racist incitement to intolerance and unrest, but LiveLeak eventually restored the link. The film is certainly one-sided, and portrays fundamentalist extremists rather than moderate Muslims, as well as positing a future dystopia in which extreme cruelty and oppression are the norm as a result of Islams proliferation. However, whether or not one views the creation of such a film as a bad idea, the Fitna saga illustrates the limits now placed on freedom of expression in that both individuals and publishers of material can be threatened to the point where they must engage in censorship. In short, we have apparently repealed centuries of intellectual progress in the hope less pursuit of social harmony (Edwards 2006, p. 34). Dangers of Restricting Freedom of Speech Whilst freedom of speech may be taken for granted in some countries, [t]he larger part of humanity faces sharp rebuke, incarceration, and even death for saying or printing that which offends some in their society and [w]ithout the right to be critical of religion we are in a hopeless situation where we must kowtow to the demands of any religious extremist and any perception of offense (Lipman 2006, p. 5). Of course, with freedom of speech, there are many things said that probably shouldnt be. However, according to Binderup (2007): It may be true that free speech generates a lot of noise and tends to give too much airtime to false views or irrelevant truths. However, the objection overlooks that free speech also allows for the occasional very important, but unpopular truth to reach the public ear and become the focus of an open public debate. In particular, the unpopular truths that those in power in various positions do not want disclosed. First and foremost these are truths about corruption or ineptitude in the government, but also truths about serious problems or injustices in society that various other powerful agents in society do not like to see revealedbe it the majority of the population as a whole or some powerful elite like the media establishment, those at the top of the economic hierarchy, or perhaps a powerful elite within a cultural minority (pp. 408-409). Dalier and Schneider (2007) further this argument, stating that any effort to suppress criticism amounts to a curtailment of freedom (p. 127). As such, by publishing criticism, the press acts as a key defender of freedom. Whilst supporting freedom of speech, Edwards (2006) stresses the need to maintain civility and respect in debate, and points to the insufficient maturity and sophistication evident in media coverage of certain religious issues. However, he also notes that while John Stuart Mill argued the need for unfettered contestability of ideas due to the fallability of human knowledge, people who believe in absolute truth, revealed by God are not inclined to accept that human knowledge may be fallible, and herein lies the source of the conflict between free public discourse and religious sensibilities (p. 32). Levy (1993) emphasises that Liberals too often behave like Chicken Little, giving the impression that one case of suppression means the sky is falling and Shakespeare will be next (p. 576). He suggests that there is some value in prosecuting based on works that constitute hate literature in their entirety, and those which are intended to outrage and injure if, taken as a whole, they are without redeeming social values (p. 476). But this begs the question of who has the power to decide which works have social value and which have no purpose other than to incite hostility. Case Studies: The Danish Cartoons and the Church of Scientology The members of two religions have been particularly ferocious in responding to what they perceive as attacks on their faith in recent years: Islam and the Church of Scientology. Muslims have engaged in everything from peaceful protest to threats and violence to suppress media stories and artistic expressions that offend their faith, and Scientologists have used the legal system to attack and censor their critics. Incidents involving these two groups have been selected for analysis in order to answer the question of whether conflict with religion has affected the way in which the media reports the news. The Danish Cartoons Islam, the faith to which more than one billion Muslims adhere, has a number of strict rules, one of which is that the prophet Muhammad must never be depicted. In 2006, Jyllands-Posten, a Danish newspaper, published 12 cartoons that depicted Mohammad, setting off a firestorm of protest and violence as Muslims responded ferociously to what they perceived as an insult to their religion, burning Danish flags, the Danish Embassy and various Western businesses such as Pizza Hut and McDonalds (Smalls 2006). Muslims believed that the cartoons, one of which depicts Muhammad wearing a turban shaped like a bomb, equate the Muslim faith with terrorism (Ghosh 2006).This sparked a debate as to the limits of free speech, which, ironically, had been the original intention of the cartoons publisher. To show solidarity with the Danish newspaper, a number of papers in Europe and North America also published the cartoons because their right to publish was being called into question (Cartoon wars 2006, 8). Muslims put forth the argument that the cartoons were disrespectful to their religion, perceiving them as an expression of intolerance and racism in Europe (Dalier Schneider 2007). Binderup (2007) asserts that the cartoons were explicitly intended as fair criticism, not as a gratuitous attack on a disadvantaged minority group (409), though this may be debatable, given that Jyllands-Posten previously refused to print a number of cartoons that ridiculed Jesus out of fear of offending Christians (Modood et al. 2006). Interestingly, the BBC took the opposite strategy, screening Jerry Springer The Opera, which was highly offensive to Christians, whilst refusing to show the Danish cartoons (BBCs dilemma over cartoons 2006). The cartoons originated as a protest designed to spark debate. Flemming Rose, Jyllands-Postens culture editor, noting an increasing tendency toward media self-censorship throughout Europe due to intimidation by Muslims, asked a number of illustrators to draw cartoons on the subject of Muhammad and Islam. Of the 12 who responded, several produced pictures that were offensive to Muslims (Ammitzbll Vidino 2007). In response, Muslim organizations launched a series of lawsuits against Jyllans-Posten, first seeking criminal charges based on blasphemy and racism and then filing a defamation lawsuit against the newspaper (Muhammad cartoons: a timeline 2006). According to Binderup (2007), the cartoons did cause upheaval and riots in some Asian and African countries resulting in 139 deaths, but this only happened after they had been deliberately taken out of the Danish context to a global Muslim audience by a group of radical Islamic imams from Denmark (p. 410), which is much the same as what happened with Salman Rushdies book, The Satanic Verses (Levy 1993). As a result, the lives of those at Jyllands-Posten and the 12 cartoonists were threatened (Ammitzbll Vidino 2007). Meanwhile, Tony Blair and George W. Bush condemned the cartoons as offensive, and many viewed them as signs of racial vilification, thus sympathising with the protesters (Modood et al. 2006). Lipman (2006) draws attention to the hypocrisy of Muslims protesting insults made by a free press when they regularly refer to the West as the great Satan in their media, as well as publishing anti-Semitic caricatures (p. 5). Lipman also notes that the protests ensured the cartoons had a far wider viewership than they otherwise would have. As a result of the protests, publishers in numerous other countries reprinted the cartoons to assert their right to freedom of the press, while radical Islamists continued to protest, carrying signs that said Free speech go to hell and Slay those who insult Islam (Modood et al. 2007). Responding to recent freedom of speech issues such as the Danish cartoon controversy, Babbin (2008) asserts that Muslimsindividually and in pressure groupsare using British libel laws and Canadian human rights laws to limit what is said about Islam, terrorists and the people in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere who are funding groups such as al Qaeda ( 2). Edwards (2006) furthers this argument with reference to some alarming statements made by Islamic leaders with regard to the curtailment of free speech, advocating for legally-binding United Nations resolutions [designed] to prevent defamation of religions and prophets and to render all acts whatsoever defaming Islam as offensive acts and subject to punishment (Edwards 2006, p. 34). In other words, Muslim leaders are attempting to institute international anti-blasphemy laws. Additionally, the President of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils, Dr. Ameer Ali, has stated that no one [has] the right to offend anyone in the media, whic h Edwards (2006) emphasises could easily lend support to the prohibition of practically anything, so long as somebody, somewhere, claims to be offended (p. 35). Freedom of the press in the case of the Danish cartoons also suffered as a result of complex political situations. Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. President George Bush were hesitant to criticise the violent response of the Muslims to the Danish cartoons, given the situations in Afghanistan and Iraq (Cartoon wars 2006). Also, as Binderup (2007) points out, multiculturalist censorship pays lip service to respecting minority or disadvantaged groups without actually tackling the root causes of disadvantage, such as low socioeconomic status, to which much of the rioting in Third World countries over the Danish cartoons can actually be attributed. As such, condemning the cartoons represents an easy way for political leaders to win favour with powerful religious groups without having to actually change political policies or expend resources to remedy socioeconomic disparities. Among the Danish media, the cartoon controversy has caused the debates over Muslim integration and free speech to grow more nuanced and sophisticated; news stories regarding Muslim issues are frequent, and moderate Muslims have moved to the forefront of the religious side of the debate in Denmark (Ammitzbll Vidino, 2007). In contrast, it has closed dialogue in Britain to some extent, with the press refraining from publishing the cartoons and keeping potentially inflammatory discourse to a minimum wherever possible. The Canadian press did likewise, with a poll of journalists in Canada finding that 70% of respondents believed that the cartoons should have been shown by more media, and 78% attributed the failure of most Canadian media executives to allow the cartoons to be shown to fear (Rego 2006). Rose (2006) continues to defend his publication of the original cartoons by pointing to the totalitarian climate that predominated during the Cold War, indicating that if freedom of expression is not sufficiently defended, such things could happen again. Vancouver Sun reporter Kim Bolan warned in 2006 that as a result of the Danish cartoon protests, the majority of newspapers would probably adopt some degree of self-censorship in the years to come (Rego 2006). This prediction is supported by a report in The Guardian that detailed plans to establish a European press charter that would demand prudence, a term largely open to interpretation, from the media when reporting stories regarding Islam or any other religious group (Rennie 2006). The Church of Scientology The Church of Scientology, founded by former science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard, is based on a therapeutic system that evolved from the authors best-selling 1950s book Dianetics. The faith involves eliminating engrams, impediments that theoretically diminish physical vitality and health, and cause psychosomatic illnesses (Passas Castillo 1992, p. 104). Scientology is premised on the belief that approximately 75 million years previously, evil galactic overlord Zenu froze excess people and sent them to earth as a remedy for overpopulation. However, once thawed, these surplus individuals were blown up whilst chained to volcanoes, and as a result, their spirits haunt mankind to this day (McCullagh 2002). Scientology, which claims the ability to treat illnesses caused by alien souls infesting the bodies of human beings, has won religious status in some countries but not others. What is notable about Scientology, in addition to its rapid growth, is its use of the legal system in the ruthless suppression of its critics (Fair game 2008). Scientology offers its converts the opportunity to advance through various initiation levels, and achieving higher levels requires the payment of large fees for auditing, which is a central component of the religion (Passas Castillo 1992, p. 106). Scientology gains recruits through strategies such as offering free personality testing, as well as maintaining an enormous public relations company and engaging in large-scale advertising campaigns. As a result, the Church of Scientology has become quite affluent, as thus has the resources to engage in legal battles whenever it so chooses. When it comes to criticism, the Church of Scientology believes that the best defence is an offense. Scientologists espouse a Fair Game policy which encourages members of the organization to trick, sue, lie to or destroy any enemy or suppressive person (Passas Castillo 1992, p. 108). Critics such as former Scientologist Arnaldo Lerma have been successfully prosecuted under American copyright laws for posting portions of Scientology scripture online, a case which has had significant implications for freedom of expression on the Internet (Scientologists win copyright case 1996). In the early 1990s, Scientologists launched 35 lawsuits against the Cult Awareness Network (CAN), 20 of them within a single 48-hour period, claiming that the organization, which publishes information to raise public awareness regarding destructive cults, violates the principles of freedom of religion (Scientologists sue critics 1993). CANs mandate, formed in response to the Jonestown Massacre, is to publish material in the public interest that will help people make informed choices regarding religion. The Church of Scientology also filed a defamation lawsuit against Time Magazine for printing an expose of various financial scams conducted by the Church. The lawsuit was dismissed by the New York Court of Appeals, which noted the extensive research undertaken and credible sources used by reporter Richard Behar in proving his claims (Scientology defamation lawsuit 2001). Time Magazine is not the only news publication to be attacked by the Church of Scientology, however. The National Post was sued by Scientologists for reporting on the Churchs lawsuit against a critic and former member (McCullagh 2002). The Electronic Frontier Foundation (2003) lists a number of attacks on free speech by Scientologists, including the court conviction of online Scientology critic H. Keith Henson in California based on a charge of threatening free exercise of religion in 2001. Such cases illustrate the fact that freedom of religion has, in many legal proceedings, become more important than freedom of expression. What is particularly disturbing about such victories for the Scientologists is that none of those prosecuted are actually stopping them from freely practicing their religion. All lawsuits waged by the Church are in response to criticism rather than suppression of the ability to freely engage in religious speech or behaviours. According to McCullagh (2002), the Church of Scientology has also been active in censoring Internet sources, even managing to force Google to remove references to websites that critique the religion, such as Xenu.net and clambake.org. Because these sites originate from the Netherlands, U.S. copyright laws cannot be used to have the sites themselves removed, so Scientologists instead attack U.S.-based search engines such as Google that reference them. Using an intellectual property defence (the controversial Digital Millennium Copyright Act), Scientologists have also been able to force various websites to remove URLs linking to sites which contain material such as an internal report regarding a Scientologist who died mysteriously while allegedly held against her will. More recently, Scientologists were able to block publication of Andrew Mortons unauthorised biography of Scientologist Tom Cruise in Britain, threatening such aggressive legal action that publisher St Martins Press requested that online booksellers refrain from offering the book to foreign customers. However, the British authors book is still available in the United States (Fair game 2008). Scientologys newest critics, a group of online activists going by the name Anonymous, have proven an elusive target for the Churchs litigious attacks. In addition to launching computer-crashing cyber attacks, the group, which was formed in response to the Church of Scientologys attempts to censor a video of Tom Cruise rambling incoherently about the faith, engages in ridicule of the Scientology (Fair game 2008). The case of Scientology underscores the fact that the legal systems of a number of countries are being used to launch attacks on freedom of speech in order to shut down public debate that might undermine religious authority. Such legal attacks are used to prevent criticism and in some cases even exposure of harmful conduct. As in the case of libel laws, the use of copyright infringement laws by the Church of Scientology as its weapon of choice makes it nearly impossible for critics, most of whom do not have much in the way of financial resources, to defend themselves, thus effectively silencing all opposition. Conflicts with Other Religions Muslims and Scientologists are not the only religious groups to take issue with freedom of expression. According to Freund (2005), there have been two notable events in the UK involving religions other than Islam and Scientology in recent years, and these events have caused Tony Blair to add a new incitement of religious hatred offense under the proposed Serious Organised Crime and Police Bill. One event was the reaction to a play called Bezhti, by Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti, which depicts rape and murder in a temple. Sikh response was so vehement that the playwright was forced into hiding. The other was the BBCs broadcast of Jerry Springer: The Opera, which casts Jesus in a somewhat homoerotic light. After the screening a number of Christians burned their TV licenses. In response to the new law proposed by Blair, Salman Rushdie wrote to The Guardian to express his fears about the continuing collapse of liberal, democratic, secular and humanist principles in the face of the increasingly strident demands of organised religions, which he emphasises is perhaps the most worrying aspect of life in contemporary Britain (Freund 2005, p. 9). Zimmerman (2000) describes another clash between freedom of expression and religion as manifested in the Harry Potter hysteria. Evangelical Christians have accused J.K. Rowling of promoting the occult and witchcraft, and some even believe that the popular series is the work of Satan. Evangelicals have demanded that the Harry Potter books be taken out of school classrooms and libraries, which would open the door to other acts of censorship. While such events are not directly related to journalistic news reporting, they contribute to the wariness of all publishers in dealing with anything potentially offensive to religious groups. Thus, all censorship increases the power of religious groups to shut down public discourse regarding values and other aspects of democratic society. Conclusion Levy (1993) notes that [t]he prosecution of blasphemy probably did far greater harm to society than indulging the offensiveness of the blasphemers in that it taught society not to learn self-restraint when confronted by differences, however insultingly expressed, as well as not to respect the right of [a] minority to express opinions on religion (pp. 436-437). Also, because what is acceptable to one religion is insulting or abusive to another, one persons free speech [is] anothers blasphemy (Levy 1993, p. 557), which makes it impossible to place legal restrictions on freedom of speech without favouring one religion over another. As the rights to free expression and religious freedom clash, it appears that religious interests now have the upper hand. This was illustrated by the words of European Commissioner Franco Frattini in 2006 regarding a potentially restrictive media charter that would demand prudence in reporting on religious issues: the press will give the Muslim world the message: we are aware of the consequences of exercising the right of free expression, we can and we are ready to self-regulate that right (Rennie 2006, 5). It is also evident in a review of the literature, which turns up a number of grovelling apologies and retractions made by papers in the UK, the U.S. and Canada for publishing material that offends religious sensibilities. Such apologies include the Washington Post issuing a correction in response to negative statements made by staff writer Michael Weiskopf regarding the followers of Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson, and National Public Radio apologizing for comments made by poet Andre Codrescu which took a dim view of Millenarian rapture beliefs, after the comments generated angry responses (Hoover 1998). However, it should be noted that religious groups are not above manipulating the press for their own ends. Many have hired PR men or entire firms, or have established volunteer publicity committees designed to pressure publishers into allowing only commentary and stories favourable to their organisations to be published (Hoover 1998). It is obvious that religious interests have to some degree restricted the way news is reported, in that the press is much more afraid of offending such groups than it was throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In the 2002 Reporters without Borders press freedom rankings, the UK held the number 21 spot. However, by 2004, the UK tied for 28th place alongside Hungary and El Salvador, while Denmark took the number one spot. That same year, the UK was beat out by South Africa (26th), Jamaica (24th), the United States (22nd) and Canada (18th). In 2007, the UK had regained some ground, landing the 24th spot. While there are many possible contributing factors to Britains slide in the press freedom rankings, it is likely that the fear of offending religious sensibilities is among them. Dalier and Schneider (2007) emphasise that [t]he value of freedom of expression is best appreciated when compared to its alternatives (p. 130). Lipman (2006) supports this argument but adds a cautionary postscript that is worth considering: The right to publish offensive materials must be protectedbut the decision to do so is another matter entirely. The question isnt merely whether a newspaper may print particular material but whether such material is a moral choice in todays world (p. 6). Sanders (2002) argues along the same lines, stressing that [f]reedom and truth are of enormous value but there will be times when a prudent silence will be the course of action taken by the truly virtuous person (p. 72). According to Levy (1993) [a]n argument can be made for the punishment of the incitement of hatred against persons who belong to religious, racial, or other minority groups; however, this argument loses all efficacy when criticism is aimed at a vast majority, and [i]n the case of blasphemers, invariably some vulnerable minority or individual has gallingly assaulted the sensibilities of the powerful majority (p. 437). This is certainly the case with most religious outrage today. Muslims and Christians far outnumber the atheists and agnostics who tend to be their fiercest critics. The fact that the Muhammad cartoons inspired a more violent and powerful reaction than the photos that came out of Abu Ghraib broadcasts a strong message about the power of religion in some circles (Lipman 2006, p. 6). Scientologists, by contrast, can legitimately claim to be a minority in numbers; however, the organisation is also extremely powerful due to its deep pockets and litigious nature, and its critics are outmatched when it comes to resources. Given that the press plays such a critical role in maintaining elements of democracy such as freedom of speech and in particular, the right to criticise those in power, the recent backslide into attempts to suppress anything perceived subjectively as blasphemy or criticism, as well as violent threats made toward those who represent dissenting voices, is disturbing. Its widely recognised that criticism of politics, philosophies, ideologies, and other ideas is part of the process of reaching better conclusions (Lipman 2006, p. 5). As such, when freedom of expression is compromised, democratic processes are threatened. However, serving religious interests is also advantageous for those in power; thus, it is the free media rather than political leaders that acts as a curb against tyranny. According to Hoover, a free and responsible press is the most important check on the excesses of government (p. 143). Ultimately, unless there is a shift back in favour of freedom of speech, there will be a slow but steady erosion of the very foundation of democracy. Works Cited Albanese, A., Pinkowski, J. 2007, ALA to libraries: Keep Alms for Jihad, pulped in the UK [HTML Version], Library Journal, August 23, retrieved 1 April 2008 from https://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6471402.html. Ammitzbll, P., Vidino, L. 2007, After the Danish cartoon controversy [HTML Version], Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, retrieved 1 April 2008 from the Academic Search Premier database. 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