The Adoption Of Autonomous Vehicles - 1485 Words

2.1 Introduction There are roughly 250 million registered motor vehicles in the United States (Blanco, 2010). This corresponds to almost one vehicle for every citizen. According to the Federal Highway Administration, the average American driver drives almost 40 miles every day (FHA, 2011). Given how heavily vehicles are used today, especially in the United States, their replacement with autonomous vehicles could easily have far-reaching implications. The adoption of autonomous vehicles into society could affect a multitude of issues. Among these issues are safety, cost, productivity, legality, public opinion, and the environment. Each will be touched upon in this section. It is important to have a general knowledge of these areas in order to better understand the speed at which autonomous vehicles might be adopted. We’ve chosen these areas specifically because we expect them to be the biggest factors in the adoption of autonomous vehicles. However, it’s important to keep in mind that some of the technologies that will be discussed are still being developed. Therefore the implications that are dependent on technologies still being developed can be considered somewhat speculative. 2.2 Safety One of the major incentives for developing autonomous vehicles is the potential impact on vehicle safety. In 2009, there were 10.8 million motor vehicle accidents in the US, resulting in 35,900 deaths (Census 2012). It’s estimated that over 90% of all accidents are due toShow MoreRelatedTechnical Innovation, Policy Making And Industrial Strategy1108 Words   |  5 PagesRecommendations While Autonomous car presents enormous potential and benefits, there is a long way to go before we achieve fully self-driving automation. Going forward, there are three areas we would like to advise on: technical innovation, policy making and industrial strategy. Firstly, there have been active innovations in modular functionalities. In the technologies list below, most of them are still in the early stage of the S-curve and it will take long time for the trial, testing and adoption (for exampleRead MoreDriving Cars Are On The Way1081 Words   |  5 Pages Soon, you’ll be able to purchase a fully autonomous vehicle, jump in and leave the driving to computers. Play games, read a book or recline your seat and nap — your self-driving car will transport you safely to your journey’s end. Autonomous driving features such as adaptive cruise control and lane keeping assist are already included in many new vehicles, offering motorists a harbinger of what’s to come. By 2020, the first fully autonomous vehicles are expected to deploy on America’s roadwaysRead MoreThe Autonomous Car1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthis may be possible this invention is called an autonomous car. An autonomous car, or driverless/ robotic car, is a car that is designed to drive without human interference. Essentially, drivers can program their destination into the car’s GPS system and then sit back and relax. Some of the world’s largest car companies are currently creating autonomous vehicles, such as Audi, Toyota, Volvo, Mercedes, and countless others. The driverless vehicle is now becoming a clearer and more present realityRead MoreThe Industrial Revolutions Of The 18th And 19th Centuries1528 Words   |  7 Pagesunmanned aerial drones for both the military and civilian populations. The next great innovation for the vehicle, is to make them autonomous and or driverless. Making vehicles autonomous will most certainly kill every industry that needs a human driver. For over 600 years now, people have been dreaming about autonomous vehicles. According to Vanderbilt (2012), one of the first imagined autonomous vehicles was Leonardo Da Vinci’s robotic cart (para. 1). Da Vinci, was one of the world’s most intelligentRead MoreThe Use Of Advanced Technologies : Driverless Vehicles1881 Words   |  8 PagesPlanning Andrew Diehl Research Report Use of Advanced Technologies Driverless Vehicles Overview The dream of owning a self-driving car has long been the subject of speculative fiction, a technology that is truly ‘futuristic’. With the 2010 launching of Google’s fleet of driverless cars on the streets of San Francisco, the future became the present and the autonomous â€Å"self-driving† vehicle became a reality. Considering how technology has already changed our lives, careful considerationRead MoreCompany Analysis : Suzuki Company1572 Words   |  7 PagesSuzuki Company The Suzuki Company, since its establishment as a textile industry venture, and the subsequent later diversification into the motor vehicle industry, has applied the subsidiaries expansion approach. In this regard, besides having its key manufacturing facility in Japan, Suzuki expanded its operations into India and Pakistan among other Asian nations through establishing organizational subsidiaries in the respective markets. A subsidiary expansion approach involves the development ofRead MoreExternal Environment Of The Automobile Industry1165 Words   |  5 Pages There is a growing demand for ADAS systems in lower-end vehicles, but this has resulted in Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to demand a lower price for these bundles. The social sphere of the PESTEL model probably has the most influence not only in Mobileye’s safety applications but also in their future in autonomous vehicles. According to the case, safety was the most important factor in influencing consumer a doption of autonomous driving and driver assistance technology (Yoffie 11). AsRead MoreAutonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics1711 Words   |  7 PagesAutonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars? In their article Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars? Bonnefon, Shariff, and Rahwan (2015) argue that the development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) comes with a slew of significant moral problems that can benefit from the utilisation of experimental ethics. Bonnefon et al. list the expected benefits that AVs will provide, such as improving traffic efficiency, reducing pollutionRead MoreThe First True Gasoline Automobile Powered By An Internal Combustion Engine1453 Words   |  6 Pagesfar-fetched dream out of a science fiction film or an episode of a The Jetsons cartoon television show, but slowly and surely both private and commercial vehicles of all models are migrating towards an all encompassing autonomous state whether the general public favors it or not. It may however take several decades for their full acceptance, adoption, and implementation, but the gap is shrinking progressively with every passing day. It s safe to say that the f uture is finally here. Karl FriedrichRead MoreEnergy Of Electric Powered Vehicles1540 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 Environmental. Electricity. Electric powered vehicles are approximately 90 percent more efficient than those using fossil fuels, which is the primary reason that it is nearly always cheaper to drive a mile using electricity as a fuel rather than gasoline . One challenge concerning electric powered vehicles is that the batteries are both heavy and expensive. As technology and adaptation progress, however, it is anticipated that AA that are fully or partially powered by electricity would be able

Maya Angelou A Remarkable Renaissance Woman Free Essays

A Remarkable Renaissance Maya Angelo: A Remarkable Renaissance Woman Maya Angelo is a poet, educator, historian, best-selling author, actress, playwright, civil-rights activist, producer and director. Throughout Angelinos writings, she expresses the realities of growing up in difficult circumstances and has now become one of the most influential figures of American literature. The works of Angelo reflect the strength of womanhood and the impact she has made during her lifetime. We will write a custom essay sample on Maya Angelou: A Remarkable Renaissance Woman or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite being abused and molested as a young girl, Angelo has proven to the world her capability of accomplishing her dreams. Maya Angelo, originally known as Marguerite Johnson, was born on April 4, 1928, in SST. Louis, Missouri (Williams). She adopted the name Maya Angelo in 1953. Angelinos parent’s divorced when she was only three years of age. Once the divorce took place, she and her brother, Bailey, were sent to live with their grandmother in the small town of Stamps, Arkansas (America’s Renaissance Woman). While living in Stamps, Angelo experienced the racial discrimination that was the legally enforced way of life in the American south, but she also absorbed the deep religious faith and old-fashioned courtesy of traditional African American life (Williams). After living with her grandmother for four years, Angelo went through a phase of silence. The silence was the result of being sexually molested by her mother’s boyfriend (Williams). Angelo felt as if she did not have the right to speak after hearing news of her uncle murdering her attacker. Angelo felt guilty and that it were her words that had killed the man. Angelo fell silent and did not speak for five years after the death of her attacker (Williams). It was not until the age of thirteen, when Angelo and her rather rejoined their mother in San Francisco that she began to speak again. Maya was finally able to overcome her fear of speaking. Throughout the years that Angelo attended Mission High School, she excelled in her school work. Angelo was not only able to excel at school, she also surpassed in the workforce outside of school life. When Angelo was seventeen, she became the first African American streetcar conductor on San Franciscans Market Street Railway Cones). She also worked various jobs such as a cook, dancer, and singer Cones). Angelo proved that she was a very active teenager and worked diligently at whatever task she was given. It was during this time that Angelo was exposed to the progressive ideals that animated her later political activism. Maya gave birth to her son, Guy, at the age of sixteen. She and her son moved to New York City in 1957 Cones). While living in New York, Angelo became involved in many different activities. During her time there, she raised money for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (CLC) with a show called Cabaret for Freedom Cones). Angelo wrote, directed, and starred in the show. In 1972, Angelo rote the script for another movie titled Georgia, Georgia. The many plays and movies that Maya produced contributed to the fame she has received today. Although Angelo has a varied career as a singer, dancer, actress, composer, and Hollywood first female black director, she is most famous as a writer, editor, essaying, playwright and poet (Angelo). Given Angelinos reallocates existence – from poverty in Arkansas to Journalism in Egypt and Ghana and ultimately to her destiny as a successful writer and professor in the States – it has been no surprise that Angelo has not limited herself to only one or two genres (Meet the Writers). Angelinos career ranges in a wide variety from writing poetry to directing shows. She has written books of poetry, autobiographies, children’s books, and screenplays Cones). Angelo has also been a singer, actress, and movie director. As a child, Maya loved to read and dreamed of one day being the author of her own book. Her favorite writers were William Shakespeare, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Longs Hughes, and W. E. B. Dubious Cones). These writers inspired Angelo to be the excellent writer she has become today. Angelo published her first short story in a Journal called Revolute ¶n in 1958 Cones). The events that took place during Mama’s childhood in Stamps, Arkansas, led her to writing the well-known auto-biography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. This auto-biography illustrates the life that Angelo had to live and the struggles that she had to face to finally reach where she is now. Maya Angelo has been a strong influence in American literature. She has also made an impact with her involvement during the civil rights movement and being a women’s rights activist. Angelo was among the first, if not the first, to create a literary franchise based on autobiographical writings (Meet the Writers). Angelo has become a populist poet due to her writings on paper and being a suede-voiced speaker. Angelo has been awarded numerous awards for her various products she produces or writes. An award does not always have to be materialistic. It is Just as much or a greater award for Angelinos works to still be shared throughout the world today. Angelinos 1993 poem â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning,† written for Bill Silicon’s presidential inauguration, was later released as a Grammar-winning album (Meet the Writers). The Springing medal in 1994 was awarded to her for her achievement in literature (Williams). Angelinos 1995 poem â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† is still passed along the Web among woman as inspiration (Meet the Writers). Before Angelo received these awards, she had become involved with helping Martin Luther King Jar. , and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference fight against racism Cones). Angelo also agreed to help Malcolm X, but two days after Angelo returned to the United States from a trip, Malcolm X was killed. Martin Luther King, Jar. And Malcolm X both influenced the decisions that Angelo wanted to change in her life. Angelo realized that she could influence people the same as they were both able to. Angelo decided that she would help African Americans achieve equality through her writings. Angelo was able to accomplish her goal, plus take on many more challenges. Angelo is now a great-grandmother and is a professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, N. C (Angelo). Angelo states that she does like to be called Dry. Angelo (Angelo). Although she never went to college, she has been awarded more than 30 honorary degrees. Angelo is an American study herself. â€Å"l created myself,† she says. â€Å"l have taught myself so much. † The multi-talented Angelo is very proud of her accomplishments in life. She still enjoys being politically involved and making a difference in the United States. Angelo shared, â€Å"I’m not a writer who teaches. I’m a teacher who writes. But I had to work at Wake Forest to know that. † This statement Just shows how important it is to Angelo to make a difference in others’ lives. Maya Angelo has been a hard worker since she was a young girl. As a result of her hard work, Angelo has written and published many successful pieces of literature. She has also been awarded numerous prestigious awards. How to cite Maya Angelou: A Remarkable Renaissance Woman, Papers

Federalism Comparison Essay Example For Students

Federalism Comparison Essay Diego Ochoa PSCI 499 5/29/00 Second Midterm The Constitution of the United States was drafted at a time when our country was in dire need of many answers to political and social questions. In addition to many other things, the drafters of the Constitution were concerned with solidifying our central government and the Constitution was intended to provide a solid structure from which our burgeoning nation could grow. The Constitution gave explicit powers to the federal government and provided the states with the Tenth Amendment which states ,Powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states respectively Of the enumerated powers given to the federal government by the Constitution, the interpretation of the Commerce Clause as prescribed in Article I, section 8, has caused political and legal controversy known to our nation. In part, Article I, section 8, gives Congress the power to regulate commerce between states, with other nations and with Indian Tribes. Two competing theories about federalism inform the political and legal debates that deal with the Commerce Clause provided to the Congress by the Constitution. Dual Federalism, a political theory that purports states rights, champions the view that federal and state powers, as prescribed by the Constitution, are mutually exclusive, conflicting, and antagonistic. (Ducat,p.271) This view suggests that the Constitution created dual sovereigns and that both levels of government had their own responsibilities. In order to understand what the legal ramification of dualist theory, one must first understand its interpretations of the Constitution. The dualist approach requires an exact and strict interpretation of the enumerated powers given to the national government by the Constitution and rejects the idea that the Necessary and Proper Clause should be used to enhance or augment the enumerated powers granted by the Constitution. Dual Federalism also relies on the notion that in a court of law, the Tenth Amendment gives the states enough support to declare unconstitutional any act of the national government that infringes on the reserved powers g iven to the states. Cooperative Federalism provides an entirely different view of the relationship between the federal and state governments. Federal supremacy is the hallmark of this ideology. Supporters of the cooperative federalist view prefer to employ a broad interpretation of the Constitution. The legal basis on which cooperative federalism has been argued is threefold: (1) Enumerated powers (e.g. Commerce Clause) should be interpreted in light of an expansive Necessary and Proper Clause (2) The Supremacy Clause, as prescribed in Article 6, paragraph 2, gives federal actions supremacy over state laws when made in pursuance of the Constitution and when they are made using implied and enumerated powers (3) The Tenth Amendment does not give states the power to contest federal laws. To suggest that that these two ideologies are contradictory is an understatement. To understand which theory best identifies with the correct interpretation of the Constitution, it is necessary to understand the circumstances that created the necessity for a Constitution and the political circumstances that motivated decisions contrary to the correct interpretation of the Constitution. The Constitution was drafted as a response to the perils of the weak central government created by the Articles of Confederation. The drafters instituted a system that was meant to empower the national government to make laws. Furthermore, the Constitution reinforced the supremacy of the national government by including the Necessary and Proper Clause. The Constitution merely provided states with reserved powers, a distinction that suggests a passive rather than active right. Supreme Court decisions that challenge the supremacy of the national government, when an action by the national government is made in pursuance of the Constitution, are merely attempts to curb the power of the national government and are based on weak legal arguments. Ultimately, the theory that best reflects the needs of our country at the time of the Constitutional Convention and still does now is that of cooperative federalism. Gibbons v Ogden, 22 U.S. 1, illustrates perfectly the ideological beliefs held by cooperative federalists. The case involves the issue of federal authority versus state authority. .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 , .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .postImageUrl , .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 , .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4:hover , .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4:visited , .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4:active { border:0!important; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4:active , .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4 .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c23d2684e5c6937f70050aaff61dcf4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Huxley's View Essay New York State legislature passed a statute giving exclusive rights to use steam vessels in its territory to two men who .

The Life of Selena Essay Example For Students

The Life of Selena Essay The Life of SelenaSelena was born in 1971 in Lake Jackson, Texas. She was also raised and went to school in Lake Jackson, Texas. By the year 1975, Selena had begun to sing, and with the help of her father she formed her own band. They were called â€Å"Selena Y Los Dinos†. During that time of year, Selena Y Los Dinos made their first recording. Selena had no time for dating because of all of her tours. However, she fell in love with the guitarist from her band. His name is Christopher Perez. In 1992, Selena and Christopher got married. Selena became a very famous singer. In 1993, she held her first Mexican Press Conference in Monterrey Mexico. During the year 1993, she also had her own line of clothing and she opened her own clothing store by the name of â€Å"Selena etc. Boutique†. Selena became so famous that in the year 1994 she received a Double Platinum award for her album â€Å"Selena Live†, and she also received a Quadruple Platinum award for her album â⠂¬Å"Amor Prohibido†. â€Å"Amor Prohibido† reached the #1 song on the Billboard Latin Chart. Also in the year 1994, â€Å"Selena Live† won a Grammy for the Best Mexican-American Album. We will write a custom essay on The Life of Selena specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Selena had a record-braking crowd of more than 61,000 fans when she performed at the Houston Astrodome in the year 1995. During that year, she also recorded her crossover album â€Å"Dreaming of You†.After so much success in her life at such an early age, Selena was shot and killed by her own associate Yolanda Saldivar on March 31, 1995.

Forensic Linguistics Definition and Examples

Forensic Linguistics Definition and Examples The application of linguistic research and methods to the law, including evaluation of written evidence and the language of legislation. The term forensic linguistics was coined in 1968 by linguistics professor Jan Svartvik. Example: The pioneer of forensic linguistics is widely considered to be Roger Shuy, a retired Georgetown University professor and the author of such fundamental textbooks as [Creating] Language Crimes. The field’s more recent origins might be traced to an airplane flight in 1979, when Shuy found himself talking to the lawyer sitting next to him. By the end of the flight, Shuy had a recommendation as an expert witness in his first murder case. Since then, he’s been involved in numerous cases in which forensic analysis revealed how meaning had been distorted by the process of writing or recording. In recent years, following Shuy’s lead, a growing number of linguists have applied their techniques in regular criminal cases . . ..(Jack Hitt, Words on Trial. The New Yorker, July 23, 2012) Applications of Forensic Linguistics Applications of forensic linguistics include voice identification, interpretation of expressed meaning in laws and legal writings, analysis of discourse in legal settings, interpretation of intended meaning in oral and written statements (e.g., confessions), authorship identification, the language of the law (e.g., plain language), analysis of courtroom language used by trial participants (i.e., judges, lawyers, and witnesses), trademark law, and interpretation and translation when more than one language must be used in a legal context. (Gerald R. McMenamin, Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics. CRC Press, 2002)On some occasions the linguist is asked to provide investigative assistance or expert evidence for use in Court. Within the linguistics literature there has been considerable focus on the rules for admission of authorship identification evidence to criminal prosecutions, but the role of the linguist in providing evidence is broader than this. Much of the evide nce provided by linguists does not involve authorship identification, and the assistance a linguist may offer is not restricted to only providing evidence for criminal prosecution. Investigative linguists can be considered that portion of forensic linguistics which provides advice and opinions for investigative and evidential purposes. (Malcolm Coulhard, Tim Grant, and Krzystof Kredens, Forensic Linguistics. The SAGE Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ruth Wodak, Barbara Johnstone, and Paul Kerswill. SAGE, 2011) Problems Facing Forensic Linguists [There are] certain problems facing an insider forensic linguist. Eight such problems are: 1. short time limits imposed by a law case, as opposed to the more familiar time limits enjoyed in everyday academic pursuits;2. an audience almost totally unfamiliar with our field;3. restrictions on what we can say and when we can say it;4. restrictions on what we can write;5. restrictions on how to write;6. the need to represent complex technical knowledge in ways that can be understood by people who know nothing of our field while maintaining our role as experts who have deep knowledge of these complex technical ideas;7. constant changes or jurisdictional differences in the field of law itself; and8. maintaining an objective, non-advocacy stance in a field in which advocacy is the major form of presentation. Since forensic linguists deal in probabilities, not certainties, it is all the more essential to further refine this field of study, experts say. â€Å"There have been cases where it was my impression that the evidence on which people were freed or convicted was iffy in one way or another,† says Edward Finegan, president of the International Association of Forensic Linguists. Vanderbilt law professor Edward Cheng, an expert on the reliability of forensic evidence, says that linguistic analysis is best used when only a handful of people could have written a given text. (David Zax, How Did Computers Uncover J.K. Rowling’s Pseudonym? Smithsonian, March 2014) Language as a Fingerprint What [Robert A. Leonard] thinks about of late is forensic linguistics, which he describes as the newest arrow in the quiver of law enforcement and lawyers.In a nutshell, just think of language as a fingerprint to be studied and analyzed, he enthuses. The point to be made here is that language can help you solve crimes and language can help you prevent crimes. There is a tremendous pent-up demand for this kind of training. This can be the difference between someone going to jail over a confession he didn’t actually write.His consultation on the murder of Charlene Hummert, a 48-year-old Pennsylvania woman who was strangled in 2004, helped put her killer in prison. Mr. Leonard determined, through the quirky punctuation in two letters of confession by a supposed stalker and a self-described serial killer, that the actual author was Ms. Hummert’s spouse. When I studied the writings and made the connection, it made the hair on my arms stand up. (Robin Finn, A Graduate of Sha Na Na, Now a Linguistics Professor. The New York Times, June 15, 2008) The linguistic fingerprint is a notion put forward by some scholars that each human being uses language differently, and that this difference between people can be observed just as easily and surely as a fingerprint. According to this view, the linguistic fingerprint is the collection of markers, which stamps a speaker/writer as unique. . . .[N]obody has yet demonstrated the existence of such a thing as a linguistic fingerprint: how then can people write about it in this unexamined, regurgitated way, as though it were a fact of forensic life?Perhaps it is this word forensic that is responsible. The very fact that it collocates so regularly with words like expert and science means that it cannot but raise expectations. In our minds we associate it with the ability to single out the perpetrator from the crowd to a high degree of precision, and so when we put forensic next to linguistics as in the title of this book we are effectively saying forensic linguistics is a genuine science jus t like forensic chemistry, forensic toxicology, and so on. Of course, insofar as a science is a field of endeavour in which we seek to obtain reliable, even predictable results, by the application of a methodology, then forensic linguistics is a science. However, we should avoid giving the impression that it can unfailingly - or even nearly unfailingly - provide precise identification about individuals from small samples of speech or text. (John Olsson, Forensic Source Linguistics: An Introduction to Language, Crime, and the Law. Continuum, 2004) Roger W. Shuy, Breaking Into Language and Law: The Trials of the Insider-Linguist. Round Table on Language and Linguistics: Linguistics, Language and the Professions, ed. by James E. Alatis, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Ai-Hui Tan. Georgetown University Press, 2002

How to Measure Precipitation

How to Measure Precipitation Average annual precipitation is a vital piece of climatic data - one that is recorded through a variety of methods. Precipitation (which is most commonly rainfall but also includes snow, hail, sleet, and other forms of liquid and frozen water falling to the ground) is measured in units over a given time period. The Measurement In the United States, precipitation is commonly represented in inches per 24-hour period. This means that if one inch of rain fell in a 24-hour period and, theoretically, water wasnt absorbed by the ground nor did it flow downhill, after the storm there would be a layer of one inch of water covering the ground. The low-tech method of measuring rainfall is to use a container with a flat bottom and straight sides (such as a cylindrical coffee can). While a coffee can will help you determine whether a storm dropped one or two inches of rain, its difficult to measure small or accurate amounts of precipitation. Rain Gauges Both amateur and professional weather observers use more sophisticated instruments, known as rain gauges and tipping buckets, to more precisely measure precipitation. Rain gauges often have wide openings at the top for rainfall. The rain falls and is funneled into a narrow tube, sometimes one-tenth the diameter of the top of the gauge. Since the tube is thinner than the top of the funnel, the units of measurement are further apart than they would be on a ruler and precise measuring to the one-hundredth (1/100 or .01) of an inch is possible. When less than .01 inch of rain falls, that amount is known as a trace of rain. A tipping bucket electronically records precipitation on a rotating drum or electronically. It has a funnel, like a simple rain gauge, but the funnel leads to two tiny buckets. The two buckets are balanced (somewhat like a see-saw) and each holds .01 inch of water. When one bucket fills, it tips down and is emptied while the other bucket fills with rain water. Each tip of the buckets causes the device to record an increase of .01 inch of rain. Annual Precipitation A 30-year average of annual precipitation is used to determine the average annual precipitation for a specific place.  Today, the amount of precipitation is monitored electronically and automatically by computer-controlled rain gauges at local weather and meteorological offices and remote sites around the world. Where Do You Collect the Sample? Wind, buildings, trees, topography, and other factors can modify the amount of precipitation that falls, so rainfall and snowfall tend to be measured away from obstructions.  If youre placing a rain gauge in your backyard, make sure that it is not obstructed so that rain can fall directly into the rain gauge. How Do You Convert Snowfall into Rainfall Amounts? Snowfall is measured in two ways. The first is a simple measurement of the snow on the ground with a stick marked with units of measurement (like a yardstick). The second measurement determines the equivalent amount of water in a unit of snow. To obtain this second measurement, the snow must be collected and melted into water. Generally, ten inches of snow produces one inch of water. However, it can take up to 30 inches of loose, fluffy snow or as little as two to four inches of wet, compact snow to produce an inch of water.

Complexities of the U.S. Financial System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Complexities of the U.S. Financial System - Essay Example One (1) Way the U.S. Financial Markets Impact Businesses. Financial markets provide funds for business units so that they can operate in a large scale. Funding needs are among the most significant for any business sufficed by the financial markets (Bhattacharya & Bonser-Neal, n.d.). Notably, business that intends to grow consistently seeks the assistance of the investors and the financial markets and acts as that potential investor in this context. Furthermore, the foreign companies that operate in the US market, also considers the financial markets, as one of the major source of funds (Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, n.d.). One (1) Way the U.S. Financial Markets Impact Individuals. Individuals also consider financial markets or financial institutions as a source of getting personal funds against particular interest rate. People rely heavily for their financial needs on the financial markets (Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, n.d.) Explain the Primary Role of the U.S. Federal Reserve and Their Effectiveness In Today’s Economic Environment. It has been comprehended that the US Federal Reserve is involved in conducting the activities relevant to the monetary policies of the country. It also works towards supervising as well as regulating the banks and financial institutions. Notably, the Federal Reserve also provides financial services directly to the US government. It is deemed to be quite effective in ensuring, the accomplishment of the financial goals of the nation (Federal Reserve, n.d.). Explain the Primary Role of the U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman and Their Effectiveness in Today’s Economic Environment. The chairman of the Federal Reserve, work towards supervising the regulatory bodies and the banking system of the FEDs. He/she also leads the open market committee of the FEDs within their respective department. The chairman